Schistosomiasis Parasitic Infection

Schistosomiasis Parasitic Infection

Introduction

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It affects over 230 million people worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, and ranks as the second most significant parasitic disease after malaria in terms of socioeconomic impact. This brochure aims to educate communities, travelers, and healthcare providers about schistosomiasis, its causes, types, symptoms, prevalence, prevention, and treatment, while addressing cultural perspectives and available resources.

Description and DSM-5 Code

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by blood flukes (Schistosoma species) that infect humans through contact with contaminated freshwater. The disease manifests in two primary forms: urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, depending on the species and affected organs. While schistosomiasis is a physical health condition, its chronic effects can lead to psychological symptoms such as anxiety or depression due to prolonged illness and disability. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), schistosomiasis itself is not listed as a mental disorder, but related psychological symptoms may be coded under categories like F43.2 Adjustment Disorders (e.g., adjustment disorder with depressed mood due to chronic illness) or F41.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder if mental health symptoms arise from the disease’s impact.

Psychological Model: Biological and Environmental

The most applicable model for understanding schistosomiasis is the biological model, which emphasizes the role of parasitic infection in causing disease. The Schistosoma parasites invade the human body, triggering immune responses that lead to inflammation and organ damage. Additionally, an environmental model is relevant, as the disease thrives in areas with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, and snail-infested freshwater bodies. These environmental factors, combined with poverty and lack of education, perpetuate the cycle of infection. Psychological models like cognitive or behavioral are less directly applicable but….