Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

  1. Describe causes of Upper respiratory infections and drug therapy
  2. Discuss triggers of asthma and treatment options
  3. Discuss corticosteroids
  4. Describe chronic bronchitis and treatment options
  5. Describe diagnostic criteria for nausea and vomiting and treatment recommendations
  6. Discuss symptoms of GERD, complications, and drug management
  7. Compare and contrast Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis
  8. Discuss Diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and treatment

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

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APA

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Causes:
Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are typically caused by viruses, including rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, can also lead to URIs, though they are less common. Other factors contributing to URIs include allergies, smoking, environmental pollutants, and weakened immune systems.

Drug Therapy:
Treatment for URIs is largely symptomatic, as most infections are viral and do not respond to antibiotics. Common drug therapies include:

  • Decongestants: such as pseudoephedrine, to relieve nasal congestion.

  • Antihistamines: to reduce runny nose and sneezing.

  • Analgesics: such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, for fever and pain relief.

  • Cough suppressants: like dextromethorphan to manage coughing.

For bacterial URIs, antibiotics such as amoxicillin or azithromycin may be prescribed if a bacterial infection is confirmed.

2. Triggers of Asthma and Treatment Options

Triggers:
Asthma triggers are diverse and can vary from person to person. Common triggers include:

  • Allergens: such as pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander.

  • Air pollution: including cigarette smoke and industrial pollutants.

  • Exercise: particularly in cold, dry air.

  • Infections: viral respiratory infections, like colds or flu.

    • Quick-relief (rescue) medications: such as short-acting beta agonists (e.g., albuterol) to relieve acute symptoms.

    • Long-term control medications: including inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone), leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast), and long-acting beta agonists (e.g., salmeterol).

    • Allergen avoidance and environmental control: such as using air purifiers or avoiding triggers like smoking.

    • Immunotherapy: allergy shots to decrease sensitivity to allergens.

      Weather conditions: cold air or

      • Strong odors or fumes: from chemicals or perfumes.

      Treatment Options

    3. Corticosteroids

    Corticosteroids are a class of drugs that reduce inflammation in the body. They are commonly used in the treatment of conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and autoimmune diseases. Corticosteroids work by mimicking the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal glands, which help reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, and regulate metabolism.

    Types of Corticosteroids:

    or changes in weather.

    • Inhaled corticosteroids: such as fluticasone or budesonide, primarily used for asthma and COPD.

    • Oral corticosteroids: like prednisone, used for