Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

 Application of Course Knowledge: Answer all questions/criteria with explanations and detail.

  1. Describe the pathophysiology of the chosen condition. What is the condition’s etiology, signs and symptoms, complications, and risk factors?
  2. Discuss how the condition is diagnosed. What are the relevant assessment findings, labs, and imaging studies?
  3. Explain how the pathophysiology of the condition might differ across the lifespan. Does the condition manifest in pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding, and older adult populations? How might the condition look different across the lifespan?
  4. Create your case study based on the chosen condition (~ 1,000 words or less using bullet points and full sentences). Start with the diagnosis and work backward to develop a clinical scenario that leads to this diagnosis. Include the client’s name, social background, symptoms, lab results, medical or surgical history, and other relevant details.

2. Integration of Evidence: Integrate relevant scholarly sources as defined by program expectations:

  1. Cite a scholarly source in the initial post.
  2. Cite a scholarly source in one faculty response post.
  3. Cite a scholarly source in one peer post.
  4. Accurately analyze, synthesize, and/or apply principles from evidence with no more than one short quote (15 words or less) for the week.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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APA

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

1. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

  • Etiology:
    T2DM results from a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Over time, pancreatic β-cells fail to compensate for increased insulin demands, leading to chronic hyperglycemia.

  • Pathophysiology:

    • Insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

    • The liver continues to produce glucose even when not needed.

    • β-cell dysfunction in the pancreas leads to insufficient insulin secretion.

    • Chronic high blood glucose causes cellular damage and inflammation in multiple organs.

  • Signs and Symptoms:

    • Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

    • Fatigue

    • Blurred vision

    • Slow wound healing

    • Frequent infections

  • Complications:

    • Microvascular: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

    • Macrovascular: Cardiovascular disease, stroke

    • Others: Diabetic foot ulcers, infections, erectile dysfunction

  • Risk Factors:

    • Obesity

    • Sedentary lifestyle

    • Age >45 years

    • Family history

    • History of gestational diabetes

    • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

    • Hypertension and dyslipidemia

2. Diagnosis of T2DM

  • Assessment Findings:

    • High BMI (>25)

    • Waist circumference >40 inches (men), >35 inches (women)

    • Acanthosis nigricans

    • Neuropathy symptoms

    • Hypertension or lipid abnormalities

  • Diagnostic Criteria (ADA, 2024):

    • Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL

    • HbA1c ≥ 6.5%

    • 2-hour Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

    • Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with classic symptoms

  • Laboratory Tests:

    • HbA1c

    • Lipid profile

    • Fasting glucose

    • Urine microalbumin

    • C-peptide (to assess insulin production)

  • Imaging (not primary for…

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